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Specialists such as carpenters, weavers, brewers, farmers, clothes makers, metal smiths, and arms makers emerged to create their contribution to society secure in the knowledge that other people were likewise creating the other necessities of life.

The benefits of such settled life allowed the Sumerians, as we have come to call this civilization, to specialize in various tasks, creating a division of labor that efficiently used the skills of individuals at their specific specialty instead of each person having to master every single survival skill. In The вЂњFertile Crescent,вЂќ a land occupied by modern Iraq located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, people had lived for thousands of years, and by around 4500 to 4000 BC those Ubaid people began the steps toward civilization by developing agriculture and permanent settlements. It is these events and time frame from which we define human civilization as beginning. Human civilization, defined as the transition from a nomadic life of small groups of people that hunt and gather their food to the creation of permanent settlements and the establishment of urban collective populations in villages, towns, and eventually cities with the advent of agriculture and animal husbandry, along with a division of labor that allowed far greater human success, all complimented by the development of a system of recording events and ideas in a form of writing, also date back to the 4 th Millenium BC. The budding Sumerian civilization even predated other ancient nascent civilizations, by a good 1000 years or more! The era of human existence before this time is often referred to вЂњPre-History,вЂќ or pre-historic times, and the advent of written records harkens the вЂњHistorical EraвЂќ of human existence. While history itself can be defined as all the actions taken by human beings and the consequences of those actions, including those events that shaped human existence, such as environmental and natural factors, people have not always had the inclination or the means to record those events and conditions, so a record of human history only dates back to Egyptian records dating to around 3200 BC or perhaps Babylonian/ Mesopotamian recordings from the same time frame.

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